The Bourbon Restoration (3 May 1814–19 March 1815 and 8 July 1815–26 July 1830) was the period of French history following the first fall of Napoleon in 1814 and his final defeat in the Hundred Days War in 1815, until the July Revolution of 1830. The brothers of the executed Louis XVI, namely Louis XVIII and Charles X, successively mounted the throne and instituted a conservative government aiming to restore the proprieties, if not all the institutions, of the Ancien Régime. Exiled supporters of the monarchy returned to France. They were nonetheless unable to reverse most of the changes made by the French Revolution and Napoleon. Exhausted by decades of war, the nation experienced a period of internal and external peace, stable economic prosperity and the preliminaries of industrialization.[1]
Contents
- 1Background
- 2Constitutional monarchy
- 3Permanent changes in French society
- 4Political overview
- 5Louis XVIII, 1814–1824
- 5.1First Restoration (1814)
- 5.2The Hundred Days
- 5.3Second Restoration (1815)
- 6Charles X
- 6.11824–1830: Conservative turn
- 6.21827–1830: Tensions
- 6.31830: The July Revolution
- 7Louis-Philippe and the House of Orléans
- 8Political parties under Restoration
- 8.1Ultra-royalists
- 8.2Doctrinaires
- 8.3Liberal Left
- 8.4Republicans and Socialists
- 9Religion
- 10Economy
- 11Art and literature
- 12Paris
- 13Memory and historical evaluation
- 14Restoration in recent popular culture
- 15See also
- 16Notes
- 17References
- 18Further reading
- 18.1Historiography
- 18.2Primary sources
- 19External links
Background[edit]
Following the French Revolution (1789–1799), Napoleon became ruler of France. After years of expansion of his French Empire by successive military victories, a coalition of European powers defeated him in the War of the Sixth Coalition, ended the First Empire in 1814, and restored the monarchy to the brothers of Louis XVI. The Bourbon Restoration lasted from about 6 April 1814 until the popular uprisings of the July Revolution of 1830. There was an interlude in spring 1815 — the “Hundred Days” — when the return of Napoleon forced the Bourbons to flee France. When Napoleon was again defeated by the Seventh Coalition, they returned to power in July.
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